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Dnb Meaning Military
The K2 Black Panther (Hangul: K2 '흑표'; Hanja: K2 '黑豹') is a South Korean main battle tank designed by Agcy for Defense Development and manufactured by Hyundai Rotem. The tank was designed to meet the strategic reform requirements of the Republic of Korea Army for 3D high-speed maneuver warfare based on network warfare that began in the 1990s.
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Mass production began in 2013, with the first K2s delivered to the armed forces in July 2014.
South Korea is accumulating tank development and production technology to increase its confidence in weapons production. In 1976, South Korea managed to increase tank production during the modernization of the M48 Patton. In 1987, the K1 88 tank, designed by Geral Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS), entered service with South Korea participating in the development and gaining tank development capabilities. However, the K1 was essentially an American derivative of the M1 Abrams made in South Korea, which would greatly limit South Korea's rights to exports, logistics and future contracts.
In the early 1990s, Korean engineers proposed to produce a new domestically designed tank using the latest available technology, but the military refused to spend too much. Instead, South Korea chose to upgrade K1 and received a technical data package while limiting other involvement with GDLS to increase localization and gain experience in taking responsibility for the failure. In the process, South Korea developed turret design technology, fire control system, sights and composite armor. Later, an operational prototype of the new K1A1 variant was shown in 1996, but the Asian financial crisis of 1997 delayed mass production. During the delay, South Korea worked on further localization and was able to develop its own design or license manufacture most of the K1A1 parts.
While development of the K1A1 was ongoing, South Korea planned a new domestic main battle tank as the tank's design and production capabilities matured. The development of the new tank had three main reasons. First of all, despite the increase in localization, the K1A1 was still an American design subject to American export controls to protect intellectual rights, creating export problems. Second, the M48A3K and M48A5K used by the South Korean Army had to be replaced.
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Finally, the ROK Army adapted a new tactic called high-speed 3D maneuver warfare, and cyber warfare was the main tactic key. When the developers asked the Army what kind of performance the Army wanted to see in the new tank, the Army replied that the highest priority was the ability to conduct warfare on the command and control network, not firepower, defense or mobility.
There were objections to the development because it seemed premature to adopt a new model and because of uncertainty about the design as it would be the first tank ever designed domestically. However, the consuls of the defense sector, including politicians, the military and developers, saw the K1 tanks as a humiliation because the tank would not exist if South Korea had enough technology. Being able to design and build a tank was a matter of national pride.
The developers argued that in times of war, military logistics and support could restrain geopolitics, as was the case in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, and criticized many European countries for not investing in indigenous technology and relying too much on partnerships, which have their advantages when it applies to accounting, but not in line with national security. On the other hand, South Korea has always pursued a policy of arms confidence and thus started the program.
From July 1995 to December 1997, system concept studies were conducted, including an analysis of required operational capability (ROC), features, performance, operations, logistics, and required technology. The first step was to develop a modeling and simulation system for research and theoretical analysis. Korean developers invited experts from around the world, including Sv Berge (Stridsvagn 103), Philip Lett (M1 Abrams), Israel Tal (Merkava), Hayashi Iwao (Type 90) and Richard Ogorkiewicz to a 40-hour seminar to confirm the safety of the main development of tanks All achievements were recorded according to contract and used to understand tank system development. Seven scientists from the Agcy for Defense Developmt (ADD), who were responsible for the design of the tank, went to the UK for a year of studies in tank development.
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From November 1998 to December 2002, private companies joined ADD in exploratory research and developed core technologies and systems, including tank gun, electric gun and turret drive system (EGTDS), autoloader. Other key systems and tests include the Automatic Target Detection and Tracking (ATDTS) and cognitive identification capability of the Combat Control System along with the simulator, the Semi-Active Shoulder Suspension Unit which dramatically increases mobility, and the Proximity Fuse (within 7 meters) for multi-role HEAT ammunition for to shoot down helicopters.
In 2002, Hilmi Özkök, commander of the Turkish Land Forces, visited the research center and witnessed the capabilities of the simulator and a real model of the combat control system. After that, Turkey constantly sends its dignitaries to closely monitor the progress, which eventually led to cooperation in the development of Altai.
From January 2003 to 2007, two vehicles called MTR (Mobility Test Rig) and FTR (Firepower Test Rig) and three vehicles called PV (Pilot Vehicle) were built to demonstrate the technology and performance. The MTR and FTR conducted mobility, fire control, combat control and low temperature survivability tests, while PV1, PV2 and PV3 conducted durability tests, development tests, operator tests and integrated logistics support tests.
And development was officially completed after it was declared combat-worthy by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) in September 2008. The XK2 development project, which began in 1995 and ended in 2008, totaled 452.6 billion won over 14 years.
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In 2020, Samyang Comtech, a composite armor manufacturer, began work on improving the frontal armor for the K2 export versions,
And was later turned into a modification and development project to fully upgrade the modular armor package for K2 export models organized by the Defse Agcy for Technology and Quality (DTaQ) in 2021.
The third mass-produced K2 starting in 2022 included Enhanced Battlefield Management System (BMS) with Korean Variable Message Format (KVMF) and Korean Commander Panoramic Sight (KCPS) and Korean Gunner Primary Sight (KGPS) with improved resolution and automatic target tracking function .
The main gun and its ammunition were developed at the same time. In the early to mid-1990s, South Korea studied internal ballistics, external ballistics, and terminal ballistics for tank weapons while producing the KM256 tank gun, and invented the self-sharpening tungsten petrator for 120 mm APFSDS ammunition under the K1A1 program. Using the acquired technology, the engineers decided to increase firepower with longer gun barrels and invented NATO-compatible propellants.
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Compared to the 5.3 m long 44 caliber KM256, the new gun was 6.6 m long and fired 12-13 MJ shells, a huge increase from 8-9 MJ. Since the projectile travels at hypersonic or muzzle velocity of 1,760 m/s (with the K279), it was critical to develop a heat-resistant material and stabilize the projectile.
Early designs included an unmanned turret variant which was rejected in favor of a manned turret during initial exploratory development. Another plan was to equip an experimental NPzK-140 140 mm smoothbore gun by Rheinmetall, but this plan was also rejected due to problems with incomplete combustion of the 140 mm ammunition.
K2 tank shown with K280 HEAT-MP-T shot and K6 heavy machine gun shot
South Korea originally planned to receive a transfer of tank gun chrome plating technology from Switzerland, where only a few countries had such technology. However, the plan was changed to domestic development after hearing a refusal from the Swiss company. engineers first tried chrome-plating the KM256 tank gun used by the K1A1, accidentally found a secret method while reworking damaged weapons.
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The Black Panther is armed with a 55 caliber CN08 120 mm smoothbore chrome gun developed by ADD and WIA (now Hyundai WIA) and is capable of hitting a 30 cm (12 in) object at a distance of more than 1 km (0.62 mi).
This is supplemented by a homemade autoloader, similar to the Leclerc, which allows the tank to fire up to 10 rounds per minute.
The loader's laser barcode identifier recognizes the classification of barcoded ammunition and selects the type of ammunition to be loaded based on mission needs. Ammunition is loaded into a 16-round ready-to-use magazine and 24 rounds in the forward hull for a total of 40 rounds for the main armament.
The K2's primary armor piercing round, developed by ADD and Poongsan Corporation, is the K279 APFSDS-T, designed with self-sharpening technology for armored targets, and
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